Mammalian microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in the host-bacterial pathogen crosstalk.

Gene expression regulation is a critical question in host-pathogen interactions, and RNAs act as key players in this process. In this review, we focus on the mammalian RNA response to bacterial infection, with a special interest on microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. We discuss the role of cellular miRNAs in immunity, the implication of circulating miRNAs as well as the influence of the microbiome on the miRNA response. We also review how pathogens counteract the host miRNA expression. Interestingly, bacterial non-coding RNAs regulate host gene expression and conversely eukaryotic miRNAs may regulate bacterial gene expression. Overall, the characterization of RNA regulatory networks represents an emerging theme in the field of host pathogen interactions.